A 

Handbook 

for 

Candidates 

Prepared  by 
Gilbert  N.  Brink 

9Mb' 


THE  AMERICAN  BAPTIST 
HOME  MISSION  SOCIETY 
23  E.  26th  St.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


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INTRODUCTION. 


This  “Handbook  for  Candidates”  has  been  com¬ 
piled  with  the  hope  and  prayer  that  it  may  prove 
helpful  as  a  guide  and  councilor  to  those  who  are 
called  into  “The  World’s  Biggest  Business,” — 
ihe  business  of  Christianizing  all  nations!  Lest 
some  one  might  be  discouraged  and  cry  out 
“Who  is  sufficient  for  these  things?”  as  he  reads 
these  pages,  he  is  reminded  that  these  standards 
are  ideals  toward  which  we  all  should  strive  in 
spite  of  the  fact  that  we  each  come  short  of  their 
attainment.  We  “hitch  our  wagon  to  a  star”  con¬ 
fident  that  thereby  we  shall  climb  the  higher. 

The  data  here  presented  have  been  gathered 
from  reports  upon  conditions  and  service  require¬ 
ments  in  mission  fields  the  world  over,  and  espe¬ 
cially  from  the  reports  issued  by  the  Board  of 
Missionary  Preparation,  New  York,  to  which  this 
booklet  is  under  great  debt  both  for  fact  and  the 
form  of  statement. 

For  a  more  extended  treatment  of  the  matters 
presented  here,  the  reader  is  referred  to  these  re¬ 
ports,  which  can  be  secured  from  the  Board  of 
Missionary  Preparation,  25  Madison  Avenue,  New 
York  City. 


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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2019  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/handbookforcandiOOamer 


Handbook  for 
Candidates 


I.  GENERAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

t.  Physical  Qualifications:  A  sound  bodily 
constitution  and  unimpaired  health  should  be  pos¬ 
sessed  by  all  missionaries  and  are  an  absolute 
necessity  for  every  candidate  for  the  Latin  Amer¬ 
ican  fields.  In  whatever  section  the  missionary 
in  Latin  America  may  labor  and  with  whatever 
alleviations  of  sea  breeze  and  elevation,  he  will 
miss  the  ozone  of  the  United  States.  He  will 
feel  the  power  of  the  tropical  sun  and  will  realize 
the  importance  of  a  physique  that  can  offer  due 
resistance  to  the  depression  and  wear  of  the 
tropics. 

(1)  Physical  Examination:  Every  candi¬ 
date  should  be  able  to  pass  a  physical  exam¬ 
ination  equal  to  that  of  a  first  class  insurance 
risk.  Candidates  for  tropical  fields  should  be 
examined  if  possible  by  a  physician  acquaint¬ 
ed  with  the  conditions  and  effects  of  a  trop¬ 
ical  climate. 

(2)  Correct  Habits  of  Living:  The  regula¬ 
tion  of  diet,  the  taking  of  regular  exercise, 
the  enjoyment  of  recreation,  the  elimination 
of  worry,  and  the  poise  of  mind  and  soul 
which  is  based  upon  a  calm  trust  in  God,  are 
all  important  factors  in  the  preservation  of 
good  health  in  the  tropics  and  will  be  neg¬ 
lected  at  one’s  peril. 

(3)  Strong  and  Steady  Nerves:  The  phys¬ 
ical  ability  to  labor  continuously  and  to  stand 
the  strain  of  emergencies  demanding  mental 
and  nervous  expenditure  is  a  great  asset.  The 
missionary  needs  strong  and  steady  nerves 
to  carry  him  through  the  wear  and  tear  of  his 
daily  work  in  tropical  lands.  Those  who  are 
high  strung  nervously  soon  find  the  tax  on 
their  strength  greater  than  they  can  bear. 

(4)  A  Good  Digestion:  Missionaries  are 
very  dependent  upon  native  food  products 
A  good  stomach  is  an  excellent  asset  any¬ 
where,  but  it  is  of  peculiar  importance  in 
mission  fields  where  proper  foods  are  not 


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always  to  be  had.  A  weak  digestion  and  a 
tendency  to  bowel  troubles  will  militate 
against  one  attacked  by  sprue  or  dysentery, 
both  of  which  are  common  in  tropical 
countries. 

(5)  Ability  to  Sleep:  Many  workers  on 
the  field  mention  this  as  a  very  important 
part  of  the  missionary’s  physical  equipment. 
Sleeping  accommodations  for  the  travelers  in 
the  country  districts  are  generally  primitive 
and  often  extremely  trying.  Many  mission¬ 
aries  are  often  obliged  to  spend  much  of 
their  time  in  travel.  If  they  cannot  sleep  un¬ 
der  difficulties  and  amid  discomforts,  they 
will  not  be  able  to  continue  long  in  their 
work. 

With  wise  attention  to  diet,  rest,  the  sun, 
and  preventive  hygiene,  the  missionary  may 
thrive  and  labor  effectively  for  a  lifetime  in 
tropical  America. 

2.  Mental  Qualifications:  The  average  mis¬ 
sionary  task  does  not  require  acute  powers  of 
argumentation  so  much  as  the  ability  sympathet¬ 
ically  to  understand  the  mental  traits  of  the  peo¬ 
ple  for  whom  he  labors.  Mental  adaptation  is, 
therefore,  an  important  factor  in  the  missionary’s 
success,  and  linguistic  ability  is  also  greatly  to  be 
desired.  For  without  a  mastery  of  the  language 
of  the  people  it  is  not  possible  to  understand  com¬ 
pletely  their  mental  processes. 

(1)  Intellectual  Preparation:  The  work  of 
the  educational  and  of  the  literary  missionary 
demands  an  unusual  mental  equipment  and 
an  intellectual  preparation  far  beyond  the 
ordinary.  Men  and  women  are  needed  who 
have  breadth  of  view,  who  are  intellectually 
alert,  who  can  think  through  a  difficult  prob¬ 
lem  with  impartial  accuracy,  who  are  cour¬ 
ageously  loyal  to  the  truth  as  they  see  it, 
and  who  yet  can  respect  the  different  opinion 
of  another;  who  know  the  technique  of  their 
particular  work,  and  who,  above  all,  are  in¬ 
telligently  and  vitally  Christian  through  and 
through. 

(2)  Grasp  of  Christianity:  The  missionary 
should  have  an  adequate  intellectual  grasp  of 
Christianity  as  set  forth  in  the  Bible  and  in 
the  thought  of  Christians  through  the  cen¬ 
turies:  in  other  words — the  Bible  and  Chris¬ 
tian  doctrine.  He  not  only  needs  to  know 
what  Christianity  is,  but  also  how  to  apply  it. 
He  should  know  how  to  apply  it  in  work  with 


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individuals — which  means  training  in  Chris¬ 
tian  work  under  supervision;  how  to  teach 
it  to  children,  youth  and  adults — which  means 
some  knowledge  of  religious  education  and 
psychology;  and  how  to  apply  it  to  social 
problems — which  means  an  understanding  of 
these  problems  as  well  as  of  the  social  im¬ 
plications  of  the  gospel . 

Spiritual  Qualifications :  Vital  religion 

should  be  the  certain  possession  of  every  mission¬ 
ary.  It  must  be  so  vital  that  it  sends  him  forth 
on  fire  with  zeal  to  lead  others  to  a  like  ex¬ 
perience. 

( 1 )  Personal  Experience:  A  living  experi¬ 
mental  knowledge  of  the  great  Christian  es¬ 
sentials  is  indispensable.  He  must  have  per¬ 
sonal  experience  of  the  Saviorship  of  Jesus 
and  of  the  work  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  Without 
this  knowledge  clear  and  well  defined,  one 
had  better  not  venture  to  attempt  the  work 
of  a  missionary. 

(2)  A  Message  to  Others:  “There  is  no 
man  so  miserable  as  a  missionary  without  a 
message  of  life  to  lost  men.”  One  will  be  an 
utter  failure  unless  Christianity  is  more  to 
him  than  a  subject  to  be  mastered.  It  must 
be  a  life  which  has  mastered  him.  Devotion 
to  Christ  as  the  source  of  life  and  faith  is  the 
foundation  upon  which  all  missionary  effort 
must  be  built.  One  should  ask  himself  again 
and  again,  Why  am  I  preparing  to  become  a 
missionary?  Have  I  anything  to  offer  people 
better  than  they  now  posses?  Am  I  prepared 
to  teach  and  to  live  my  faith  in  the  presence 
of  those  who  are  indifferent  or  even  antag¬ 
onistic  to  the  claims  of  Christ  upon  them? 

(3)  Joy  in  Service:  The  normal  Christian 
in  the  early  church  possessed  an  exuberance 
of  joy,  a  buoyancy  of  spirit,  a  richness  of  per¬ 
sonal  experience  which  is  not  common  today 
among  the  Christians  of  the  West.  It  is,  how¬ 
ever,  characteristic  of  many  of  the  Christians 
on  the  mission  field  and  should  be  character¬ 
istic  of  the  missionary  also.  It  is  not  a  thing 
that  can  be  acquired  in  a  mechanical  way  by 
dint  of  reading  a  specified  number  of  books, 
or  pursuing  a  definite  course  of  study.  He 
should  pray  and  strive  that  Christ’s  joy,  which 
he  promised  to  his  disciples,  may  be  h’s  own. 

4.  ,  Ecclesiastical  Qualifications:  The  great 
world-needs  of  our  day  demand  missionaries 
whose  first  loyalty  is  to  the  Kingdom  of  God. 


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This  demand  need  not  ever  obliterate  proper  de¬ 
nominational  distinctions.  The  missionary’s  full 
loyalty  to  his  own  denomination  is  assumed  as 
axiomatic. 

(1)  Comity  Relations:  Comity  relations 

and  cooperation  in  missionary  fields  are  sure¬ 
ly  in  accord  with  the  will  of  our  Master. 
Candidates  who  are  out  of  harmony  with  the 
spirit  of  Christian  brotherhood  and  fellowship 
among  all  the  workers  in  the  Lord’s  vineyard 
should  seriously  question  whether  they  are 
called  to  work  in  the  foreign  field. 

(2)  A  Broad  Charity:  A  broad  charity  for 
the  opinions  and  beliefs  of  others  and  ability 
to  work  cordially  with  those  differing  from 
us  both  denominationally  and  racially  is  a 
great  factor  in  forwarding  the  success  of  the 
missionary  enterprise  today. 

5.  Social  Qualifications:  These  are  particu¬ 
larly  important.  Politeness  and  a  scrupulous  re¬ 
gard  for  the  sensibilities  of  others  and  the  culti¬ 
vation  of  courtesy  and  tact — always  the  mark  of 
the  true  Christian  character, — are  needed  in  all 
missionary  work,  especially  among  foreigners, 
and  are  essential  in  Latin  America,  where  good 
manners — “urbanidad” — are  highly  regarded. 

(1)  Americans  Often  Unwitting  Offenders : 
Americans  often  offend  unwittingly,  but  none 
the  less  harmfully  to  their  influence,  by  their 
democratic  contempt  for  ceremony,  prece¬ 
dents,  suitability  of  clothing  for  special  func¬ 
tions,  and  other  details  which  they  do  not 
consider  essential.  Particularly  must  mis¬ 
sionaries  to  Latin  American  countries  be  gen¬ 
tlemen  of  good  parts  and  social  qualities. 

(2)  The  Way  to  the  Human  Heart:  Kind¬ 
ness,  special  attentions,  and  the  little  cour¬ 
tesies  of  life  will  often  open  the  way  for  the 
gospel  to  hearts  that  would  be  closed  to  a 
ruder  approach.  One  writer  from  the  field 

says:  “We  need  men  of  deep  spirituality, 
strong  faith,  diligent  and  continuous  study 

of  God’s  word,  the  habit  of  constant  prayer, 
sympathy  and  warm-heartedness,  gentleness 
and  Courtesy.” 

(3)  Personal  Character  a  Large  Factor: 
The  personal  character  of  the  missionary  is 
a  large  factor  in  persuading  men  to  hear  and 
receive  the  message.  Men  and  women  who 
love  their  Master  and  the  people  to  whom 


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they  go,  and  who  with  patience,  good  sense, 
devotion,  sympathy  and  tact  serve  Him  and 
them,  have  their  place  waiting  for  them  in  the 
missionary  field,  and  God  will  bless  them  in  it. 

II.  PREPARATION  FOR  SERVICE. 

1.  Educational  Preparation:  The  following 
statement  of  “studies  to  be  pursued  by  the  mis¬ 
sionary  candidate”  is  that  prepared  by  the  Con¬ 
ference  of  the  Board  of  Missionary  Preparation 
with  respresentatives  of  theological  seminaries 
and  foreign  mission  boards  of  North  America, 
and  represents  the  latest  judgment  of  many  ex¬ 
perts  in  this  field. 

(a)  Studies  to  Be  Pursued  by  the  Missionary 
Candidate. 

The  student  preparing  for  work  as  an  or¬ 
dained  missionary  should  take  a  full  colle¬ 
giate  and  theological  course,  the  latter  in¬ 
cluding  courses  in  special  preparation  for  for¬ 
eign  missionary  service,  or  being  supplement¬ 
ed  by  such  studies.  His  collegiate  and  sub¬ 
sequent  courses  should  include  the  following 
studies: 

(1)  Studies  Ordinarily  Pursued  in  College. 
A  modern  language,  in  addition  to  the  study 

of  his  mother  tongue. 

Greek. 

General  psychology. 

Educational  psychology,  or  the  principles  of 
education. 

History  of  philosophy. 

General  history,  or  the  history  of  civilization. 
Biblical  history  and  literature. 

Social  and  religious  survey  of  the  world. 
Economics. 

Human  society  and  the  laws  of  its  organiza¬ 
tion. 

Some  physical  and  biological  science. 

The  above  studies  should  ordinarily  be  pur¬ 
sued  in  college,  but,  failing  this,  should  be 
taken  later. 

(2)  Studies  Ordinarily  Pursued  in  Profes¬ 
sional  Schools: 

The  historical  and  interpretative  study  of  the 
Bible,  preferably  including  the  study  of  the 
original  languages. 

Church  history,  especially  of  early  Christian¬ 
ity  in  relation  to  other  religions. 

Systematic  theology. 

Apologetics. 


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The  effective  presentation  of  the  Christian 
message  (missionary  homiletics). 

The  historical  and  comparative  study  of 
church  organization  and  activity  (church 
polity). 

The  history,  psychology,  and  philosophy  of 
religion. 

Principles  of  religious  education. 

The  history  of  missions,  especially  the  mod¬ 
ern  period,  accompanied  by  readings  in  the 
biographies  of  missionaries. 

Principles  and  methods  of  Christian  missions. 
Phonetics,  and  the  scientific  method  of  lan¬ 
guage  study. 

The  above  studies  should  be  taken  in  a  the¬ 
ological  seminary,  in  a  special  missionary 
training  school,  or  in  a  university.  They 
should  be  accompanied  by  practical  Christian 
work  under  competent  guidance,  and  be  pur¬ 
sued  under  influences  adapted  to  develop  the 
Christian  life. 

(3)  Studies  Usually  Taken  on  the  Field: 
The  language  of  the  missionary’s  field. 

The  history  and  literature  and  the  economic 
and  social  conditions  of  his  field. 

To  all  of  the  above  it  is  desirable  to  add 
in  most  cases, 

Hygiene. 

Sanitation. 

Business  methods. 

First  aid  to  the  injured. 

Music. 

(b)  The  Length  of  the  Course. 

The  amount  and  importance  of  the  work  to 
be  done  in  the  field  of  special  missionary  prep¬ 
aration  is  so  great,  that  no  student  ought  to 
sacrifice  the  thoroughness  and  completeness 
of  his  theological  curriculum  by  attempting  to 
cover  both  the  regular  and  the  special  studies 
in  three  annual  sessions  of  the  ordinary 
length.  With  a  sufficient  faculty  and  with  a 
school  year  of  sufficient  length  the  curriculum 
might  be  so  arranged  as  to  make  the  special 
missionary  preparation  an  organic  part  of  the 
curriculum. 

Such  a  course  might,  for  example,  include 
the  following  studies: 

Old  Testament,  192  hours. 

New  Testament,  192  hours. 

Church  History,  192  hours. 


8 


Systematic  Theology,  192  hours. 

Missionary  Homiletics,  96  hours. 

Religious  Education,  96  hours. 

History  of  Missions,  96  hours. 

Apologetics,  48  hours. 

Church  Polity,  48  hours. 

Principles  and  Methods  of  Missions,  48 
hours. 

Such  a  curriculum  can  be  covered  in  twenty- 
seven  or  twenty-eight  months,  or  in  four 
years  of  seven  months. 

(c)  Some  Courses  to  Be  Pursued  by  Candi¬ 
dates  for  the  Home  Ministry: 

In  the  conviction  that  the  responsibility  of 
the  missionary  enterprise  rests  equally  upon 
those  who  stay  at  home  and  those  who  go  to 
the  foreign  field,  we  recommend  that  stu¬ 
dents  looking  forward  to  the  work  in  the 
home  field  should,  as  far  as  practicable,  in¬ 
clude  the  following  studies  in  their  courses 
of  training: 

The  history,  psychology  and  philosophy  of 
religion,  including  a  clear  presentation  of 
the  character  and  fruitage  of  each  religion 
at  the  present  day. 

The  history,  principles  and  methods  of  Chris¬ 
tian  missions,  including  the  basis  of  their 
claim  upon  the  home  church. 

Home  organizations,  and  administration  of 
the  student’s  denominational  board  and 
other  missionary  agencies. 

The  presentation  of  missions,  and  the  develop¬ 
ment  of  missionary  spirit  within  the  parish. 

The  study  of  missionary  movements,  biog¬ 
raphy  and  work  in  specific  fields. 

Such  of  these  courses  as  he  can  take,  will 
be  in  addition  to  the  special  study  he  makes 
of  the  Home  field  itself,  in  which  particular 
attention  is  given  to  our  city  conditions,  to 
our  rural  problems,  to  our  social  unrest  and 
to  our  flood  of  immigration.  To  these  the 
student  should  add  private  reading  in  Mis¬ 
sionary  Biography. 

The  following  comments  on  some  of  the 
studies  in  the  courses  recommended  are  for 
the  most  part  those  submitted  by  a  commit¬ 
tee  of  which  Dr.  Robert  E.  Speer  was  chair¬ 
man,  and  are  given  here  because  they  illus¬ 
trate  where  the  emphases  are  being  placed 
today. 


9 


(1)  Theology :  All  agree  that  theology 
must  be  one  of  the  main  subjects.  The  em¬ 
phasis,  however,  is  not  upon  such  a  descrip¬ 
tive  word  as  dogmatic  or  systematic,  al¬ 
though  there  is  full  recognition  of  the  im¬ 
portance  of  that  which  these  words  connote; 
it  is  rather  such  adjectives  as  Biblical  or  his¬ 
torical  or  comparative.  And  the  issue  which 
such  comparative  study  should  deal  with  is 
not  so  much  what  Calvinism  has  to  say 
against  Arminianism,  for  example,  but  what 
Calvinism  has  to  say  against  its  own  exag¬ 
geration  in  the  Hindu  doctrine  of  Karma, 
or  the  mechanical  fatalism  of  some  schools  of 
Islam;  not  what  Arminianism  has  to  say 
against  Calvinism,  but  what  it  has  to  say  to 
its  own  distortion  in  the  antinomianism  of 
Hindu  pantheism,  or  to  theories  of  divine 
propitiation  which  make  free  grace  look 
pallid.  Theology,  in  other  words,  needs  to 
be  taught  against  a  background  of  real 
knowledge  of  what  the  theological  problems 
are  on  the  mission  field,  and  what  the  task 
is  of  interpreting  Christian  truth  to  the  hu¬ 
man  minds  which  are  actually  to  be  dealt 
with. 

(2)  Comparative  Religion:  Our  correspon¬ 
dents  lay  emphasis  upon  the  necessity  of 
teaching  Comparative  Religion,  and  of  teach¬ 
ing  it  truly,  and  with  as  great  an  approach 
as  possible  to  reality.  It  is  easy  to  set  up  the 
non-Christian  religions  in  a  classroom  and 
demolish  them.  Their  weaknesses  are  abso¬ 
lutely  fatal  to  them  in  our  thought  about 
them,  but  those  who  hold  those  religions 
have  reasons  for  doing  so,  which  they  are 
prepared  to  state  and  argue.  Of  course,  no 
one  can  be  brought  face  to  face  with  the 
reality  of  these  religions,  until  he  actually 
meets  them  on  their  own  soil;  but  as  far  as 
possible,  Comparative  Religion  should  be 
studied  in  the  atmosphere  of  reality  and  jus¬ 
tice  should  be  done  to  the  actual  problems 
which  are  to  be  faced. 

(3)  Apologetics:  The  study  of  the  actual 
apologetic  problems  which  men  encounter 
when  they  attempt  to  propagate  Christianity, 
which  differ  in  different  countries.  How  can 
men  as  they  are  when  we  meet  them  be  con¬ 
vinced  of  the  truth  of  God  in  Christ  and 
brought  to  faith  and  new  life  in  Him?  How 
is  this  greatest  of  all  problems  to  be  studied 
and  solved? 


10 


(4)  Church  History:  Every  one  empha¬ 
sizes  the  importance  of  Church  History  both 
as  the  history  of  the  development  of  doctrine 
and  as  the  story  of  evangelization.  As  one 
of  our  correspondents  puts  it: 

“A  prospective  missionary  should  take  all 
he  can  obtain  in  the  History  of  Religions,  and 
their  comparison,  where  the  distinctive  fea¬ 
tures  of  Christianity  are  well  emphasized,  and 
most  especially  every  form  of  study  empha¬ 
sizing  God  in  history. 

Missions  are  making  church  history  now, 
just  as  it  was  made  in  Asia  Minor,  or  in 
Germany,  or  in  Scotland  in  the  past,  and  a 
study  of  past  church  history  as  the  record  of 
actual  evangelization  is  the  most  immediately 
fruitful  study  an  ordained  missionary  can 
undertake. 

The  missionary  to  Latin  America  will  be 
handicapped  in  his  work  if  he  is  ignorant  of 
her  history  and  unacquainted  with  the  his¬ 
toric  development  of  the  Papacy  together 
with  its  modifications  resulting  from  the  ad¬ 
mixture  of  Indian  superstitions.  This  is 
especially  true  in  Mexico  with  the  cult  of  the 
Virgin  of  Guadalupe. 

(5)  Christian  Transformation  of  Society: 
A  fifth  subject  is  closely  related  to  the  two 
just  mentioned  and  may,  indeed,  be  melted 
into  them.  It  might  be  called  church  politics. 
It  is  something  more  than  ecclesiastical  pol¬ 
ity.  It  is  the  science  of  missions,  the  method 
of  propagandism — how  to  found  Christian  in¬ 
stitutions  and  to  introduce  Christian  princi¬ 
ples  into  life.  Sociology  is  another  subject 
which  belongs  to  the  same  group.  Whatever 
the  title,  the  field  to  be  covered  includes  the 
problems  of  the  relation  of  Christian  ethics 
to  life,  the  transformation  of  society  into  con¬ 
formity  to  Christian  ideals,  the  relation  of 
church  and  state,  and  similar  themes. 

(6)  The  Science  and  Art  of  Education: 
The  word  pedagogy  used  to  express  what  is 
meant  by  this  title,  but  the  educationalists  in 
self-defense  seem  to  have  discarded  it.  The 
missionary  is  a  preacher  of  the  Gospel.  All 
missionary  preaching  must  of  necessity  be 
teaching.  How  to  teach,  how  to  teach  others 
to  teach  the  secret  of  communicating  truth, 
of  developing  character,  of  making  truth  con¬ 
tagious  so  that  it  will  spread  itself — these  are 


11 


fundamental  necessities  for  the  ordained  mis¬ 
sionary.  He  needs  such  a  training  as  our 
Lord  gave  the  Twelve. 

(7)  The  Bible:  The  Bible,  whether  in  the 
original  languages,  or  in  English,  or  in  all, 
is  to  be  mastered  by  the  ordained  missionary 
as  a  part  of  his  training  for  his  work.  Here, 
too,  our  correspondents  urge  something  more 
than  mere  perfunctory  teaching.  They  urge 
that  men  should  be  put  in  possession  of 
methods  of  study  which  will  endure  the 
strains  which  are  to  come,  that  they  get  solid 
ground  under  their  feet  regarding  the  things 
that  are  central,  so  that  when  they  go  out 
and  have  to  stand  alone,  they  can  stand  alone. 
So  one  correspondent  writes: 

“A  study  of  theology,  largely  historical,  is 
important  in  order  to  enable  the  missionary 
to  understand  the  large  variety  of  beliefs  he 
will  meet.  I  think  personally  that  thorough 
Bible  study  is  better  than  formal  theology  to 
lead  to  the  definite  personal  convictions  that 
are  very  important.  Church  History,  with 
special  attention  to  the  causes  and  means  of 
the  expansion  of  Christianity  and  also  the 
working  out  of  Christian  principles  in  society, 
is  important.” 

The  Bible  should  be  taught  as  a  living  mis¬ 
sionary  book,  as  Arnold  taught  Roman  his¬ 
tory,  and  as  he  taught  the  Bible,  too. 

(8)  Christian  Dynamics :  Men  should 

study  the  dynamics  of  Christianity.  What 
are  the  secrets  of  power?  What  makes  some 
kinds  of  Christianity  and  some  Christian  men 
effective  and  fruitful,  and  others  not?  What 
truth  has  the  vital  energy  in  it?  What  habits 
of  personal  life  condition  power?  The  Gos¬ 
pel  is  to  go  to  the  world,  not  in  word  only, 
but  in  power.  The  latter  as  well  as  the  for¬ 
mer  should  be  the  subject  of  study  and  of 
solicitude. 

(9)  Philosophy:  A  good  course  in  the 
History  of  Philosophy  will  prove  of  great 
advantage  to  the  missionary  in  Latin  Amer¬ 
ica.  The  Latins  read  philosophy  more  read¬ 
ily  than  fiction.  Young  men  who  know  noth¬ 
ing  about  grammar,  geography  or  history, 
will  read  Tolstoy  and  Spencer  and  talk  with 
enthusiasm  about  them. 


12 


(10)  Phonetics:  All  experienced  mission¬ 
aries  are  in  agreement  as  to  the  desirability 
and  importance  of  the  study  of  phonetics,  the 
science  of  language  and  the  best  modern 
methods  of  language  study. 

(11)  Modern  Languages:  No  one  should 
think  of  taking  up  the  work  of  a  missionary 
without  the  determination  to  master  the  lan¬ 
guage  of  the  people  among  whom  he  works. 
No  standard  of  excellence  in  the  acquisition 
of  the  language  on  the  part  of  our  mission¬ 
aries  can  be  too  exacting.  The  cand'date  who 
is  looking  forward  to  work  in  the  Latin 
American  fields  of  our  Home  Mission  Society, 
should  take  all  the  Spanish  he  can  get  in  high 
school  and  college,  and  should  read  as  widely 
as  possible  in  its  literature  even  before  going 
to  his  field.  The  people  love  their  beautiful 
language,  and  those  missionaries  who  speak 
it  perfectly,  as  some  do,  are  endeared  to  those 
to  whom  they  speak,  while  imperfect  or  incor¬ 
rect  speech  is  a  real  hindrance  in  spite  of  the 
courtesy  and  true  kindness  of  the  people. 

2.  Preparation  by  Practice:  Before  leaving 
for  the  mission  field,  the  candidate  should  have 
had  his  first  lessons  in  dealing  with  the  spiritual 
needs  of  individuals.  He  should  have  learned 
tact  and  the  various  methods  of  approach  and 
should  so  taste  the  joys  of  this  work, — which  is 
the  very  heart  of  the  missionary  enterprise, — that 
he  will  ever  be  the  bearer  of  the  evangel.  Noth¬ 
ing  can  take  the  place  of  successful  experience  in 
dealing  with  the  unconverted,  in  bringing  them  to 
a  personal  acceptance  of  Christ  as  Savior  and 
Lord. 

III.  THE  MISSIONARY  AT  WORK. 

1.  The  First  Year's  Work: 

(1)  Language  Study  is  the  primary  task 
of  the  first  year  for  most  missionaries  at 
work  among  those  who  speak  another  tongue. 
It  is  advised  that  not  more  than  six  hours 
per  day  be  given  to  the  direct  study  of  the 
language  and  that  this  be  supplemented  daily 
by  a  study  of  one‘s  environment  and  of  the 
people  and  in  chatting  and  visiting  with  them. 
It  should  not  be  inferred,  however,  because 
of  the  emphasis  placed  upon  the  study  of  the 
language  during  the  first  year,  that  this  study 
is  to  cease  when  the  examinations  are  past. 
The  missionaries  should  never  stop  this  study. 


13 


To  do  so  is  really  a  crime  against  missionary 
efficiency  and  should  be  regarded  as  such. 
Nothing  short  of  complete  mastery  of  the 
language  should  be  the  ideal. 

(2)  Reading:  During  this  first  year  one 
should  read  widely  books  that  interpret  the 
life,  history  and  customs  of  the  country.  It 
is  a  year  for  orienting  one’s  self  in  his  new 
environment. 

(3)  Contact  with  Other  Missionaries:  It 
is  desirable  that  the  new  missionary  have  fre¬ 
quent  contact  with  the  older  missionaries  on 
the  field,  for  their  practical  experience  will 
be  invaluable  as  a  corrective  to  the  first  judg¬ 
ments  formed  by  the  newcomer  as  he  carries 
on  his  studies  and  investigations.  And  then, 
too,  the  personal  contact  and  fellowship  with 
the  veterans  in  the  service  will  be  a  source 
of  inspiration  and  a  joy  to  him. 

The  demands  and  responsibilities  of  his 
work  accumulate  so  rapidly  that  every  ad¬ 
vantage  should  be  taken  of  this  first  year  of 
study. 

2.  The  Later  Years: 

(1)  Danger  That  Study  Will  Be  Crowded 
Out:  There  is  great  danger  and  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  it  generally  comes  to  pass,  that  the 
missionaries  find  themselves  so  burdened  with 
work  after  the  first  year  that  they  do  not  find 
or  make  time  to  pursue  any  line  of  study  not 
strictly  demanded  by  their  routine  labors. 
This  is  a  mistake  if  God  is  to  have  the  best 
and  most  productive  service  from  his  work¬ 
ers.  It  is  gratifying  to  find  that  in  nearly 
every  mission  field  the  older  missionaries  are 
recognizing  as  never  before  the  dangers  of 
stagnating  intellectually  and  the  absolute  ne¬ 
cessity  of  advancing  in  knowledge  and  in 
power  to  grasp  and  solve  their  problems,  and 
are  therefore,  singly  and  in  groups,  devoting 
themselves  to  the  thorough  and  progressive 
study  of  subjects  of  special  concern  to  them. 
As  already  stated,  the  study  of  the  language 
should  not  stop  with  the  examinations  at  the 
close  of  the  first  year,  but  should  continue 
on  through  the  years. 

(2)  The  Desirability  of  Having  Supple¬ 
mental  Interests:  There  is  as  much  room  for 
such  interests,  carefully  chosen,  temperately 


14 


pursued,  and  wisely  co-ordinated,  on  the  mis¬ 
sion  field  as  there  is  in  the  United  States,  and 
it  may  make  as  real  and  vital  a  contribution 
to  the  missionary  enterprise  as  it  often  does 
to  the  interests  of  the  people  at  home.  Such 
an  interest  may  be  the  making  of  a  special 
study  of  the  literature  of  the  country,  a  study 
which  will  include  both  the  classics  and  its 
more  modern  works  and  their  interpretation 
of  the  life  of  his  day.  Or,  it  may  take  the 
form  of  field  studies  through  which  the  mis¬ 
sionary  seeks  to  know  and  interpret  for  oth¬ 
ers  the  circumstances  and  conditions  of  the 
people  on  his  own  field,  and  the  factors  that 
are  determining  their  character.  A  mission¬ 
ary  so  interested  will  travel  as  widely  as  pos¬ 
sible  in  his  own  and  neighboring  fields.  He 
will  study  the  exact  situation  as  he  finds  it  in 
each  place  and  seek  to  understand  it.  His 
studies  will  not  be  merely  geographical  in 
character — valuable  as  these  are — nor  will  they 
be  solely  ethnological.  They  will  include 
both  of  these  elements  and  also  the  social, 
economic,  and  religious  factors  as  they  affect 
the  communities  he  is  studying.  He  may 
make  his  supplementary  interest  an  intensive 
study  of  the  earlier  religions  of  the  country, 
or  he  may  make  it  a  broad  study  of  the 
science  of  missions  through  the  application 
of  discovered  principles  which  have  been  ap¬ 
proved  under  scientific  tests. 

This  by  no  means  exhausts  the  list  of  pos¬ 
sible  related  interests,  but  whatever  his  inter¬ 
ests  may  be,  every  missionary  can  make  some 
interpretation  of  his  field  to  the  world.  It 
cannot  be  done  in  a  year.  It  must  come 
through  long  contact  with  some  elemental 
subject  which  has  gripped  the  soul  and  which, 
brooded  over  and  studied  on  every  side,  at 
last  has  become  clear  and  illuminating. 

(3)  The  Value  of  an  Avocation:  Some¬ 
times  one  can  find  both  recreation  and  an 
opportunity  for  rendering  a  special  service 
through  an  avocation  even  though  it  may  not 
be  connected  directly  with  his  mission  work. 
Avocations  adopted  as  the  result  of  a  special 
interest  in  the  flora  or  fauna,  or  in  the  geog¬ 
raphy  of  a  country,  have  not  infrequently 
resulted  in  great  good  to  the  world.  Wisely 
chosen  and  guardedly  pursued,  an  avocation 
may  prove  a  recreation,  and  a  preserver  of 
health,  as  well  as  a  benefit  or  service  in  itself. 


15 


(4)  Increased  Efficiency :  The  most  Com¬ 
mon  objection  to  the  taking  up  of  any  avo¬ 
cation  will  be  the  lack  of  time,  for  it  is  this 
rather  than  any  lack  of  inclination  that  will 
be  the  real  difficulty  in  prosecuting  special 
studies  on  the  field.  Seemingly  this  is  a  suf¬ 
ficient  reason;  really  the  objection  only  takes 
into  account  hours  and  an  overflowing  work 
which  cannot  be  overtaken  no  matter  what 
program  is  adopted,  while  it  ignores  the  far 
more  important  item  of  efficiency  in  the  mis¬ 
sionary  vocation. 

This  all  means  that  the  missionary  should 
set  himself  to  solve  the  problem  of  filling  as 
related  to  the  threatening  disaster  of  an  easy 
emptying.  A  systematic  husbanding  of  min¬ 
utes;  the  use  of  hours  spent  in  travel  on  the 
train,  in  boats,  or  in  carriages,  for  thought 
upon  some  pressing  problem  or  for  reading 
some  helpful  discussion  affecting  it;  the  em¬ 
ployment  of  a  part  of  the  annual  rest  period 
in  pursuing  some  special  line  of  thought;  the. 
occasional  interjection  of  vital  discussions  of 
phases  of  missionary  efficiency  at  missionary 
gatherings.  These  all  are  possible  without 
taking  weeks  of  time  for  the  studies  recom¬ 
mended  and  will  surely  result  in  increased 
power  and  efficiency.  The  missionary  who 
holds  himself  unflinchingly  to  a  program 
which  includes  in  addition  to  his  routine  work 
regular  study  and  the  pursuit  of  some  avoca¬ 
tion,  will  continue  to  grow  through  all  the 
years  and  the  influence  of  his  life  will  be  an 
inspiration  to  the  younger  men  as  they  enter 
the  service  and  his  spirit  a  benediction  in 
hours  of  weariness  and  discouragement. 

(5)  The  Spirit  Filled  Life:  Finally,  need 
it  be  added,  that  the  spirit-filling  of  one’s 
life  should  be  safeguarded  always  as  a  primal 
necessity  of  all  missionary  efficiency?  A 
prayerful  study  of  the  sources  of  spiritual 
power,  quiet  hours  for  devotion  and  confer¬ 
ences,  having  this  great  theme  as  their  cen¬ 
tral  objective,  will  result  in  increased  power 
in  the  Master’s  service. 


IV.  WHAT  TO  DO  WITH  THE  FURLOUGH. 

The  missionary  furlough  should  minister  di¬ 
rectly  to  the  physical,  intellectual  and  spiritual 
development  of  the  missionaries  and  to  the  devel¬ 
opment  of  missionary  interest  in  the  home  church 


16 


1.  Physical  Development:  The  physical  recu¬ 
peration  and  development  of  the  missionary  is 
the  primary  and  basic  object  of  the  furlough. 
Under  normal  conditions  probably  one-third  of 
the  entire  time  on  furlough  devoted  to  rest  and 
recuperation  will  be  sufficient  to  restore  one  to 
full  health  and  vigor. 

( 1 )  Physical  Examination :  Every  mission¬ 
ary  immediately  upon  return  to  America  on 
furlough  should  undergo  a  physical  examina¬ 
tion  upon  the  basis  of  which,  the  examiner 
should  give  the  one  examined,  and  the  Board, 
answers  to  the  following  three  questions: 

(a)  Does  the  missionary  require  any  special 
treatment  while  on  furlough? 

(b)  If  so,  what? 

(c)  Does  the  case  suggest  the  necessity  of  a 
further  medical  examination  toward  the 
end  of  the  furlough  to  determine  fitness 
for  return  to  the  field? 

(2)  Special  Treatment  and  Expense  There¬ 
for:  If  special  treatment  is  required,  arrange¬ 
ments  for  it  should  be  made  without  delay  in 
order  that  no  time  may  be  lost  in  getting 
back  one’s  full  strength  and  vigor.  Unusual 
expenditures  necessary  because  of  treatment 
prescribed  as  a  result  of  the  examination, 
will  be  taken  under  consideration  by  the 
Board.  (A  missionary  fully  restored  to  health 
will  be  more  useful  than  one  who  returns 
with  some  physical  disability,  and  any  expen¬ 
diture  incurred  to  accomplish  this  result 
means  ultimate  economy  in  missionary  ad¬ 
ministration.)  The  first  business  of  the  one 
on  furlough  is  to  restore  his  health  and  to 
recoup  his  strength. 

2.  Intellectual  Development:  The  missionary 
who  finds  by  experience  that  his  preparation  was 
inadequate,  has  during  his  furlough  an  oppor¬ 
tunity  for  further  preparation.  Every  missionary 
has  learned  during  his  years  on  the  field  what  are 
his  intellectual  needs,  and  is,  therefore,  better 
able  to  make  his  own  choice  of  studies  to  pursue 
than  anyone  else  is  for  him.  Even  a  few  months 
at  some  university,  or  other  high  grade  training 
school,  will  send  the  missionary  back  to  his  field 
with  new  zest  and  increased  efficiency. 

(1)  Dangers  Avoided  by  Study:  Study 
during  furlough  will  save  the  missionary  from 
two  inevitable  dangers:  (a)  The  danger  of 
falling  behind  the  times,  of  getting  out  of  the 


17 


world-current  of  thought,  of  failing  to  pro¬ 
gress  with  the  age  in  which  he  lives.  A  grad¬ 
ual  falling  behind  may  not  be  apparent  at  first. 
It  may  not  become  noticeable  for  the  first 
ten  years  of  the  missionary’s  life  on  the  field. 
But  if  he  has  dropped  behind  and  let  the 
world  go  on  without  him,  this  will  eventually 
appear  and  his  influence  among  the  younger 
generation  will  begin  to  wane,  (b)  The  dan¬ 
ger  of  becoming  dogmatic.  The  missionary 
lives  much  of  his  life  isolated  from  the  schools 
and  their  associations  and  from  all  of  the 
stimulating  influences  of  the  homeland.  He 
is  himseif  a  teacher  and  a  leader  of  the 
thought  of  others.  It  is  difficult  for  him,  un¬ 
der  these  conditions,  to  keep  from  becoming 
dogmatic.  To  counteract  this  tendency,  he 
needs  to  become  again  a  learner  and  to  put 
himself  under  the  guidance  and  direction  of 
others.  In  this  way  one  can  periodically,  as 
his  furloughs  come  along,  refurbish  and  mod¬ 
ernize  his  original  preparation,  and  this  is, 
perhaps,  the  chief  virtue  of  all  study  during 
the  furlough  period. 

(2)  Suggested  Courses :  Some  will  return 
from  tasks  which  demand  further  special 
study.  Such  men  and  women  will  need  no 
suggestions  from  others  as  to  what  to  do  on 
furlough.  Others  will  return  feeling  keenly 
the  need  of  intellectual  stimuli.  Their  prob¬ 
lems  or  their  intellectual  interests  will  sug¬ 
gest  lines  of  work  that  they  can  pursue  to 
advantage.  There  may  be  some,  however, 
who  are  undecided  as  to  what  studies  to  fol¬ 
low,  and  such  will  welcome  suggestions  as 
to  the  courses  that  have  proved  helpful  to 
others.  For  these  the  following  courses  are 
recommended  as  likely  to  prove  helpful: 

Modern  Bible  Studies  and  Church  Methods. 

Special  Periods  of  Church  History. 

Religious  Education. 

The  Science  of  Missions. 

Apologetics. 

Social  Studies  of  a  practical  sort. 

Constitutional  History. 

Latin  American  History. 

Economics  and  National  Efficiency. 

3.  Spiritual  Development:  Every  furlough 
should  be  a  period  for  spiritual  refreshing.  It  is 
a  time  when  the  missionary  can  keep  free  from 
other  engagements  those  choice  hours  for  per¬ 
sonal  Bible  study  and  for  the  prayer  habits  that 


18 


lie  back  of  spiritual  development  everywhere  and 
always.  It  is  a  time  of  personal  fellowship  with 
devout  men  and  women  while  visiting  congrega¬ 
tions.  A  time  with  leisure  for  meditation;  a  time 
for  association  with  those  who  are  engaged  in 
evangelistic  work,  with  Board  members,  and  with 
live  pastors;  a  time  of  attendance  upon  great  con¬ 
ventions  and  of  listening  to  splendid  preachers. 
It’s  a  time  when  stimulating  letters  go  and  come, 
when  books  of  a  deeply  spiritual  character  are 
read.  It  is  a  time  when  the  missionary  drinks 
deeply  at  spiritual  fountains  and  slakes  his  soul’s 
thirst.  For  his  sake,  and  the  sake  of  his  work, 
the  missionary  on  furlough  must  have  time  for 
these  things  before  he  is  asked  to  pour  himself 
out  among  the  churches. 

4.  Developing  Missionary  Interest  in  the 
Churches : 

( 1 )  Time  Allotment  for  Deputation  Work: 
Probably  one-third  of  the  time  on  furlough 
is  the  maximum  that  should  be  required  of 
any  missionary  in  purely  “Deputation  Work.” 
Certainly  this  amount  should  not  be  exceeded 
in  either  of  the  first  two  furloughs  a  mission¬ 
ary  has  in  the  homeland.  For  during  each  of 
them,  he  should  expect,  and  be  expected,  to 
devote  a  considerable  portion  of  his  time  to 
additional  study,  suggested  by  the  needs  of 
his  field.  After  the  second  furlough,  however, 
it  might  seem  wise  to  devote  less  time  to 
study  and  more  to  deputation  work. 

(2)  Planning  for  Deputation  Work:  Care¬ 
ful  plans  should  be  made  for  all  this  field 
work,  and  in  connection  with  the  Headquar¬ 
ters  of  the  Board.  Some  will  be  found  to 
have  special  gifts  as  speakers, — they  should 
be  used  in  bringing  the  missionary  message 
direct  to  the  congregations  in  the  churches. 
Some  should  not  speak  at  all,  for  health  or 
other  reasons.  Some  may  have  skill  with  the 
pen;  they  should  write  for  our  denominational 
press.  Still  others  may  be  most  effective  with 
the  stereopticon ;  they  should  bring  to  the 
people  pictures  from  mission  lands.  Careful 
planning  of  the  use  to  be  made  of  the  work¬ 
ers  and  of  their  schedule  of  travel  and  places 
to  be  reached  is  essential  to  the  securing  of 
the  best  results. 

(3)  The  Significance  of  Deputation  Work: 
In  whatever  way  he  carries  the  message  to 
the  home  church,  the  missionary  has  here  a 


19 


splendid  opportunity  as  an  ambassador  of 
Christ  to  lay  on  the  hearts  of  the  Lord’s 
people  the  whole  missionary  program  and  its 
needs;  to  show  them  the  fields  already 
whitening  to  the  harvest;  and  to  call  upon 
them — with  a  deeper  devotion,  a  wider  out¬ 
look  upon  the  Lord’s  Kingdom  in  the  world, 
and  a  larger  sacrificial  giving — to  enter  with 
great  earnestness  upon  the  task  of  carrying 
on  the  King’s  business  which  he  has  entrusted 
to  his  church. 

V.  THE  ORDAINED  MISSIONARY. 

1.  The  Demand:  There  is  an  urgent  demand 
for  well-qualified  ordained  missionaries  who  have 
good  gifts  as  preachers,  who  are  able  and  willing 
to  itinerate  widely,  who  can  mingle  with  all  kinds 
of  people  and  make  and  hold  true  friendships,  and 
who  can  build  stable  work.  They  must  be  preach¬ 
ers  with  a  message.  (The  message  that  appeals 
to  needy  souls  the  world  over  is  the  message  of 
the  changed  life  brought  about  by  Jesus  Christ.) 
They  must  be  men  who  do  not  leave  their  studies 
behind  them  but  who  continue  to  take  in,  in  order 
that  they  may  give  out.  The  very  best  is  none 
too  good!  Strong  bodies,  together  with  broad 
culture,  deep  spiritual  earnestness,  and  wide  sym¬ 
pathies,  united  with  popular  gifts,  are  needed  to 
insure  missionary  success. 

2.  Special  Qualities  Needed:  In  what  follows 
the  word  “should”  is  used  not  in  a  dogmatic  sense 
but  only  to  express  the  high  desirability  of  the 
qualification  or  attainment  mentioned.  The  or¬ 
dained  missionary  should  have: 

(1)  A  Real  Mastery  of  the  Bible:  The 
missionary  who  under  any  circumstances 
should  reveal  a  lack  of  knowledge  of  the 
Bible  itself  would  thereby  immediately  lose 
standing.  Mere  knowledge  of  the  Bible,  with¬ 
out  ability  or  passion  to  impress  its  truths 
upon  others,  would  be  of  little  value  to  the 
people  or  the  country.  He  should  also  have 
in  special  degree  the  power  to  impart  his 
knowledge  to  others,  as  preacher,  evangelizer, 
and  teacher. 

(2)  A  Great  Capacity  for  Friendship :  He 
should  not  allow  differences  of  belief  or  of 
custom,  or  of  temperament,  to  present  any 
barrier  to  his  personal  friendly  relations  with 
the  people.  He  should  not  only  have  a  capa- 


20 


city  for  friendship,  but  he  should  use  that 
capacity  to  its  fullest  extent.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  powerful  means  by  which  the  ordained 
missionary  can  get  into  close  relations  with 
men.  Let  him  show  himself  a  friend  and 
prove  himself  a  friend,  and  the  way  to  men’s 
hearts  will  open. 

(3)  A  Passion  for  Evangelism:  He  must 
have  a  passion  for  leading  men  to  Christ. 
No  one  may  expect  to  succeed  who  goes  with 
a  gospel  that  he  believes  will  merely  improve 
his  external  surroundings,  exalt  his  intellec¬ 
tual  life,  and  make  the  community  more  civ¬ 
ilized.  A  general  desire  to  do  good  and  to 
help  the  people  will  not  suffice. 

(4)  the  Ability  to  Shape  the  Changing  So¬ 
cial  Life:  The  ordained  missionary  should 
have  some  knowledge  of  and  experience  in  so¬ 
ciology  and  its  application  to  life.  He  should 
understand  the  sociological  aspect  of  true 
Christianity  and  its  application  to  the  life  of 
men. 

(5)  Organizing  Capacity :  He  is  not  sim¬ 
ply  a  preacher,  but  an  organizer,  and  he 
should  be  able  to  organize  and  use  the  forces 
that  become  accessible  to  him  both  in  the 
church  and  in  the  community  so  as  to  produce 
the  largest  and  most  far-reaching  results. 

(6)  Literary  Ability :  The  more  pleasingly 
and  forcefully  he  is  able  to  use  the  language 
of  the  people,  the  more  powerfully  will  he 
grip  his  hearers.  He  should,  moreover,  be 
prepared  to  write,  probably  more  in  the  fu¬ 
ture  than  in  the  past,  for  Latin  American 
readers,  and  in  order  to  do  this  he  should 
have  the  literary  instinct  and  ability  to  com¬ 
mand  attention  with  his  pen. 

(7)  Political  Interest:  Special  problems 

for  the  missionary  sometimes  arise  out  of  the 
political  relationships  of  the  country  in  which 
he  labors,  and  from  which  it  seems  impossi¬ 
ble  that  the  missionary  devoting  himself  to 
the  highest  good  of  the  people,  can  hold  him¬ 
self  aloof.  With  proper  wisdom  and  right 
method  he  may  help  to  solve  many  a  difficult 
situation.  Yet  the  missionary  should  be  neu¬ 
tral  as  regards  parties  and  concern  himself 
with  political  measures  only  as  they  touch 
the  people’s  economic,  social,  intellectual,  and 
moral  betterment. 


21 


To  the  wise  injunction  “Know  thyself” 
should  stand  next  in  importance  for  the  mis¬ 
sionary  at  least,  this,  “Know  the  people.” 
Study  their  origin,  history,  manners,  customs 
and  their  religion.  Even  the  summer  tourist 
to  Europe  “reads  up”  the  countries  through 
which  he  proposes  to  travel,  “brushes  up” 
his  scant  knowledge  of  the  language  and 
seeks  to  familiarize  himself  with  the  ways 
of  those  whose  guests  he  will  soon  become. 

(8)  Race  Prejudice :  Any  manifestation  of 
race  prejudice  would  be  fatal  to  the  mission¬ 
ary’s  influence. 

(9)  Sunny  Tempered:  The  missionary  is 
an  apostle  of  joy  and  gladness.  He  should 
add  no  shadow  to  the  darkness  he  has  come 
to  dispel.  A  veteran  authority  insists  that 
“a  cheerful,  vivacious  disposition  is  a  ‘sine 
qua  non.’  ”  An  exuberant  spirit  that  is  able  to 
see  the  humorous  and  that  is  looking  for  the 
best  in  a  man,  will  climb  over  many  a  rough 
place  that  would  be  fatal  to  a  dyspeptic  or 
hypochondriac. 

VI.  THE  EDUCATIONAL  MISSIONARY. 

1.  General  Training  Needed:  Candidates  for 
appointment  to  missionary  educational  work 
should  have  full  collegiate  training  followed  by 
special  graduate  work  in  the  subjects  they  expect 
to  teach,  for  the  world  today  sets  a  high  theoreti¬ 
cal  value  on  education. 

For  one  who  is  to  devote  his  whole  time  to 
teaching  in  high  school,  college  or  university,  the 
most  valuable  subjects  are  English,  English  Li¬ 
terature,  Philosophy,  History,  Logic,  Mathemat¬ 
ics,  Science,  Economics,  Normal  work  and  Prin¬ 
ciples  of  Education.  Good  training  in  the  first 
three  and  the  last  one  is  considered  essential,  as 
well  as  administrative  and  normal  work  for  those 
who  will  prepare  teachers  or  have  direction  of 
schools  below  college  grade. 

2.  Special  Training  Needed:  The  educational 
missionary  goes  out  as  a  missionary  even  more 
than  as  a  teacher.  It  is  therefore  vital  that  he 
have  a  familiarity  with  the  contents  and  teach¬ 
ings  of  the  Bible,  with  special  emphasis  upon 
the  life  and  teaching  of  Jesus,  and  a  well-ordered 
grasp  of  Christian  truth.  He  should  have  faced 
squarely  the  philosophical  and  religious  difficulties 


22 


of  young  people  so  that  he  can  guide  his  students 
through  their  problems  into  the  Christian  life. 
Every  educational  missionary  should  be  equipped 
to  be  an  efficient  teacher  of  the  Bible  and  of  its 
application  to  the  problems  of  personal  and  so¬ 
cial  life.  He  will  have  opportunities  for  Bible 
teaching  and  should  be  prepared  and  willing  to 
accept  them.  It  follows  that  during  his  years  of 
preparation  he  should  elect  thorough,  scholarly 
and  constructive  courses  in  the  Bible  where  such 
are  available. 

Spiritual  Power  Needed:  His  own 

spiritual  life  must  be  deep,  confident  and  con¬ 
stant..  It  must  be  characterized  by  habits  of 
spiritual  refreshing — for  out  on  the  field  he  will 
lack  many  of  the  means  of  inspiration  that  sur¬ 
round  workers  at  home.  He  must  have  learned 
how  to  tap  for  himself  at  first  hand  the  sources 
of  supply,  and  his  life  must  be  characterized  by 
a  personal  righteousness  that  commands  respect, 
and  an  earnestness  in  bringing  men  into  the 
Christian  life  that  will  carry  him  into  the  lives 
of  others  in  spite  of  the  distractions  of  school  life. 

VII.  THE  MEDICAL  MISSIONARY. 

1  Who  Shall  Engage  in  This  Work?  Only 
those  who  are  fully  qualified  for  it  by  general 
and  technical  preparation;  by  a  deep  experience 
of  the  realities  of  the  Christian  life;  by  personal 
consecration  to  the  needs  of  the  Kingdom,  and 
by  a  clear  conviction  that  he  is  called  of  God 
into  this  service. 

2.  Academic  and  Technical  Preparation:  The 
Medical  Missionary  should  have  as  a  minimum, 
full  high  school  training  with  at  least  two  years 
of  college  work  in  addition.  And  it  is  greatly  to 
be  preferred  that  he  have  a  full  college  course, 
for  only  this  can  give  him  the  foundation  neces¬ 
sary  for  his  future  studies  and  work. 

In  addition  to  this,  he  must  have  the  full  course 
of  a  standard  medical  school,  and  at  least  one 
year  of  hospital  experience  before  going  out  to 
his  mission  field.  Whenever  practicable,  he 
should  have  a  year  of  special  study  of  tropical 
diseases.  In  no  case  should  one  go  out  who  has 
not  had  a  least  four  years  of  professional  training. 

3.  Choice  of  a  Medical  School:  Men  and 

women  proposing  to  devote  their  lives  to  the 
cause  of  medical  missions  cannot  afford  to  jeop¬ 
ardize  their  work  because  of  imperfect  training 


23 


in  an  inferior  school.  Candidates  should  consult 
the  Board  or  the  list  of  approved  medical  colleges 
published  by  the  American  Medical  Association, 
for  information  as  to  approved  schools,  and 
should  choose  a  school  rated  not  lower  than  A 
plus  or  A. 

4.  Courses  of  Study:  It  does  not  seem  neces¬ 
sary  to  outline  in  detail  the  professional  courses 
that  should  be  taken,  for  every  standard  medical 
college  requires  the  courses  that  are  recognized 
as  essential  in  preparing  the  physician  for  his 
work.  The  following  subjects,  however,  are  at¬ 
taining  such  importance  on  the  mission  fields  that 
it  seems  desirable  to  mention  them  by  name: 
Microscopy  and  Bacteriology,  Preventive  Medi¬ 
cine,  Hygiene,  Sanitation,  Pharmacy,  Dentistry 
and  Orthopedics.  The  major  subjects  will  still 
be  surgery,  tropical  diseases,  obstetrics,  diseases 
of  women  and  children,  stomach  and  bowel 
troubles,  respiratory  organs,  skin,  eye,  ear,  nose 
and  throat. 

5.  License  to  Practice  Medicine:  Applicants 
for  appointment  as  medical  missionaries  should 
have  passed  the  examination  of  some  State  Ex¬ 
amining  Board  or  other  authority.  This  is  im¬ 
portant,  both  in  the  interest  of  his  own  standing 
and  as  a  protection  to  him  should  he  be  com¬ 
pelled  later  to  relinquish  his  work  abroad  and 
take  up  permanent  practice  in  the  homeland. 

fi,  Extra  Medical  Activities:  Only  those 
should  engage  in  the  medical  missionary  work 
who  are  called  to  be  missionaries.  Opportunities 
for  direct  personal  appeal  to  individuals  come  to 
the  physician  as  to  scarcely  any  other  and  only 
he  whose  lips  have  been  touched  with  the  coal 
from  off  the  altar  will  be  sufficient  for  those  mo¬ 
ments  when  the  soul  of  another  is  looking  to  him 
for  help. 

The  medical  missionary  should  also  be  able  to 
participate  in  helpful  ways  in  other  departments 
of  the  mission  enterprises.  Such  participation 
will  keep  him  from  developing  a  narrow  or  un¬ 
sympathetic  attitude.  The  spirit  of  Christian  fel¬ 
lowship  and  helpfulness,  the  importance  of  co¬ 
operative  action,  the  need  for  unity  in  the  making 
of  plans,  and  in  the  administration  of  the  work, 
all  call  upon  the  medical  missionary  to  partici¬ 
pate  as  a  fellow  worker  in  all  the  councils  and 
general  affairs  of  the  mission. 

In  addition  then,  to  his  special  preparation  as  a 
physician,  he  may  with  profit  take,  as  he  is  able, 


24 


additional  preparation  in  the  following  depart¬ 
ments  : 

(1)  Evangelical. 

(2)  Educational. 

(3)  General  Administration. 

(4)  Miscellaneous  Mission  Problems. 

He  will,  of  course,  so  study  the  Bible  that  he 
will  be  able  to  teach  it,  and  methods  of  practical 
Christian  work,  that  he  may  most  tactfully  lead 
men  and  women  into  a  new  spiritual  life. 

VIII.  THE  TRAINING  OF  NURSES. 

1.  Training  and  Qualities  of  Character:  More 
and  more  the  task  of  the  trained  nurse  in  mis¬ 
sion  fields  will  be  to  train  native  nurses  to  act  as 
superintendents  of  hospitals.  This  fact  empha¬ 
sizes  the  need  for  superior  training  in  her  pro¬ 
fession,  and  also  in  subjects  related  more  par¬ 
ticularly  to  the  spiritual  side  of  the  work. 

Many  of  the  general  characteristics  cited  as 
essential  in  the  medical  missionary  are  equally 
necessary  in  the  missionary  nurse.  She  needs 
even  better  training  for  the  work  in  mission 
fields,  than  at  home.  The  nurse  should  have  a 
minimum  of  a  four  year  high  school  course  as  a 
preparation  for  her  nurse  training.  She  should 
be  a  graduate  of  some  first  class  nurse  training 
school.  She  should  have  held  some  executive 
position  at  home  and  should  have  good  general 
culture.  Her  work  is  co-ordinate  with  that  of  the 
other  missionaries  and  forms  an  essential  and 
permanent  part  of  the  Christian  program.  Her 
close  contact  with  the  developing  young  native 
womanhood  gives  her  rare  opportunities  for 
Christian  service. 

(For  a  fuller  discussion  of  the  medical  mis¬ 
sionary  and  his  work  and  of  the  nurse  and  her 
work,  see  the  report  on  “Preparation  of  Medical 
Missionaries”  published  by  the  Board  of  Mission¬ 
ary  Preparation,  New  York.) 

IX.  INDUSTRIAL  MISSIONARIES. 

1.  The  Demand  in  Latin  America:  In  some 
parts  of  Latin  America  there  is  a  growing  de¬ 
mand  for  specially  trained  industrial  mission¬ 
aries.  It  is  still  inadequately  met.  But  in  those 
portions  of  the  field  where  the  American  Baptist 
Home  Mission  Society  maintains  missions,  in¬ 
dustrial  missionary  work  has  had  little  growth, 
and  there  is  almost  no  demand  up  to  the  present 


25 


time  for  specialists  in  this  department.  Men  and 
women  entering  this  service  should  be  experts  in 
their  line  who  are  prepared  to  train  others  to 
become  experts  also. 

2.  Kinds  of  Work  Required:  The  largest  de¬ 
mand  is  for  agricultural  superintendents,  men  who 
are  experts  in  agriculture  and  able  to  develop  the 
resources  of  the  country  and  who  can  teach  prac¬ 
tical  agriculture  to  others.  There  is  also  a  lim¬ 
ited  field  for  teachers  of  carpentry,  cabinet  work 
and  the  trades.  This  form  of  industrial  work  has 
grown  up  already  in  connection  with  many  mis¬ 
sion  schools.  There  is  also  a  place  for  a  few  ex¬ 
perts  in  women’s  work.  Lace  and  embroidery¬ 
making  has  already  been  taken  up  extensively 
as  a  means  of  providing  the  poor  women  of  a 
country  with  an  opportunity  for  honorable  self- 
support. 

Great  good  has  been  accomplished  in  these 
lines  even  under  the  leadership  of  missionaries 
who  have  had  but  little  special  training  for  it. 
Many  believe  the  call  for  this  line  of  work  will 
be  greater  in  the  future  than  in  the  past.  There 
will  probably  be  opportunities,  therefore,  for  a 
limited  number  of  women  missionaries  to  put 
knowledge  of  these  industries  to  good  account. 

3.  Personal  Qualities  Needed:  The  industrial 
missionary  should  have  the  same  true  Christian 
experience  and  motive,  the  same  high  ideal  of 
service  rendering  and  of  devotion  to  duty,  the 
same  consecration  to  the  Master  and  love  for 
his  fellowmen,  that  is  requisite  in  every  worker  in 
the  other  departments  of  missionary  activity. 
Without  a  clear  call  to  the  missionary  field  and 
a  joy  in  rendering  Christian  service  to  others, 
one  may  well  question  whether  he  should  accept 
appointment  to  a  work  where  failure  to  exert 
a  positive  influence  for  Christ  may  be  so  far 
reaching  in  its  results. 

In  the  great  majority  of  cases,  the  most  useful 
man  in  the  industrial  department  will  be  the  or¬ 
dained  missionary  who  has  had  good  industrial 
training  in  addition  to  his  theological  preparation. 

X.  THE  WOMAN  MISSIONARY. 

1.  Preparation  for  Service:  Practically  all  that 
has  been  already  said  with  reference  to  the  prep¬ 
aration  of  the  missionary  for  service  applies 
equally  to  men  and  women,  and  need  not  be  re¬ 
peated  here.  There  are,  however,  distinct  phases 


26 


of  service  open  to  women  that  are  not  open  to 
men,  though  in  general  their  work  lies  in  the 
same  great  departments  of  missionary  effort. 

2.  Evangelistic :  Under  this  head  fall  the  im¬ 
portant  task  of  training  and  supervising  the  large 
army  of  Bible  women,  visiting  in  homes,  con¬ 
ducting  country  tours,  etc.  There  is  an  urgent 
call  for  an  increase  in  the  force  of  evangelistic 
missionaries.  They  should  go  out  prepared  to 
train  a  still  larger  number  of  women  for  efficient 
service  as  evangelists,  and,  by  their  lives  of  de¬ 
votion,  stimulate  the  voluntary  ministry  of 
humble  Christian  women. 

X.  Educational:  The  educational  missionary 
occupies  a  strategic  position  in  this  time  of  un¬ 
precedented  opportunity.  She  may  be  college 
president  or  professor,  principal,  or  associate 
teacher,  in  a  girls’  boarding  school,  superinten¬ 
dent  of  a  normal  department  which  supplies 
teachers  for  elementary  and  higher  schools,  su¬ 
pervisor  of  day  schools  in  a  large  district,  kin- 
dergartner  or  trainer  of  kindergartners. 

4.  Medical:  “The  doctor  and  the  nurse,  with 
or  without  their  hospital,  have  brought  the  gos¬ 
pel  message  to  large  numbers  of  people  who  on 
account  of  advanced  age  or  hindering  circum¬ 
stances  are  unreached  by  educational  work.  They 
have  brought  medical  aid  for  the  first  time  to 
women  whose  husbands  would  rather  have  killed 
them  than  admit  a  man  physician. 

“Openings  for  the  medical  missionary  are  more 
numerous  and  more  attractive  than  ever  before. 
More  workers  are  needed  to  provide  an  adequate 
staff  of  existing  hospitals  and  to  enter  fields  as 
yet  untouched.”  This  statement  holds  true  for 
the  world-wide  mission  enterprise,  though  the 
opportunities  for  medical  service  in  the  Latin 
American  fields  occupied  by  our  Society  are  as 
yet  limited. 

Social:  The  opportunity  for  a  far-reaching 
social  influence  through  the  homes  is  almost  un¬ 
limited.  In  countless  ways  the  woman  mission¬ 
ary’s  influence  may  unconsciously  mold  the  life 
of  the  womanhood  about  her.  The  opportunity 
for  devoted  Christian  women  to  serve  in  the  up¬ 
lift  of  their  sisters  on  mission  fields  is  unlimited 
and  the  joy  of  this  service  one  of  heaven’s 
choicest  gifts. 


27 


XI.  MISCELLANEOUS  MATTERS. 


1.  Business  Accounts:  One  matter  of  impor¬ 
tance  that  needs  to  be  emphasized  is  the  fact 
that  every  missionary  should  be  capable  of  keep¬ 
ing  his  own  accounts,  both  personal  and  official. 
No  one  can  be  entirely  free  from  all  business 
details  and  the  majority  must  carry  more  or  less 
responsibility  for  appropriations  made  for  schools 
hospitals,  buildings  and  miscellaneous  mission 
work.  Kowledge  of  simple  bookkeeping  and  the 
essential  principles  of  banking  and  exchange  are 
practically  indespensable.  There  should  be  abil¬ 
ity  to  draw  up  in  neat  and  businesslike  form  the 
report  of  any  financial  transaction,  including  a 
regular  annual  report.  The  keeping  of  one’s  ac¬ 
counts  so  that  he  can  show  clearly  how  every 
dollar  of  mission  money  has  been  expended,  is  as 
definitely  a  part  of  the  functions  of  a  missionary 
as  preaching  or  teaching. 

Knowledge  of  Construction  and  of  the  Use 
of  Tools:  Men  frequently  have  to  superintend 
the  erection  of  buildings,  hence  a  general  knowl¬ 
edge  of  house  planning  and  of  house  construction 
is  a  real  asset.  And  nearly  every  missionary  has 
to  oversee  the  work  of  repairs.  In  this  work  a 
practical  knowledge  of  the  use  of  tools  is  a 
material  help. 

3.  Ability  to  Write— The  Note  Book  Habit- 
Photography:  Anyone  who  can  write  will  find 
an  ample  field  for  the  exercise  of  this  talent,  both 
in  the  public  press  and  in  the  preparation  of  some 
of  the  urgently  needed  evangelical  literature.  A 
crisp,  vivid  article  for  the  secular  or  religious 
press  is  always  of  service.  In  this  work  the  note 
book  habit  will  be  a  great  help.  The  recording 
of  impressions  while  they  are  fresh,  and  the 
writing  down  of  descriptions  of  interesting  places 
while  on  the  spot  and  of  events  as  they  occur, 
gives  one  live  material  for  articles  that  may  be 
written  later. 

Interest  in  the  written  story  is  often  greatly 
increased  by  pictures  illustrating  the  scenes  or 
events  described.  Hence  photography  of  a  higher 
order  than  most  missionaries  possess  is  very  de¬ 
sirable.  It  is  increasingly  important,  also,  for 
the  home  propaganda  of  missions.  A  knowledge 
of  lantern-slide  making,  is  of  value  on  the  field, 
as  is  the  ability  to  operate  the  stereopticon. 

4.  The  Christian  Home:  The  home  of  the 
missionary  is  a  center  from  which  a  gracious  in¬ 
fluence  should  reach  out  in  all  directions  and 
touch  other  homes.  The  missionary  home  whose 

28 


interests  are  all  centered  within  its  own  walls  has 
failed  signally  to  enter  into  its  heritage.  It  is  its 
great  privilege  to  manifest  the  Christian  ideals 
for  the  family  in  such  a  way  that  others  will  come 
to  desire  the  same  life  for  their  own  families. 

In  the  past  too  little  attention  has  been  paid  to 
the  preparation  of  the  wives  of  missionaries. 
They,  as  truly  as  their  husbands  and  as  truly  as 
the  single  women  on  the  field,  are  missionaries. 
They  should  have  that  training  that  gives  a  good 
grasp  of  Christian  truth  and  a  thorough  knowl¬ 
edge  of  the  Bible,  and  also  instruction  in  the  art 
of  missionary  work.  Perhaps  it  should  go  with¬ 
out  saying  that  they  should  also  have  a  practical 
knowledge  at  least  of  housekeeping,  of  plain  sew¬ 
ing,  and  plain  cooking.  It  will  greatly  help  the 
efficiency  of  their  work  if  the  domestic  wheels 
run  smoothly  and  the  home  is  neat  and  clean. 

5.  The  Home  Garden:  Where  practicable  a 
home  garden  will  add  much  to  home  comfort.  It 
is  sometimes  possible  to  grow  American  vege¬ 
tables  and  even  fruits,  which  greatly  increase  the 
enjoyment  of  the  table.  The  garden  may  serve 
also  to  introduce  new  articles  of  food  to  the  peo¬ 
ple  and  it  certainly  will  provide  opportunity  for 
healthful  and,  sometimes,  much-needed  outdoor 
exercise.  The  garden,  where  feasible,  will  prove 
a  distinct  asset  to  any  missionary  home  and  pos¬ 
sibly  a  direct  benefit  to  the  people  as  well. 

(».  Private  Business:  The  missionary  should 
not  under  any  circumstances  engage  in  business 
or  other  secular  pursuits  on  his  own  account  or 
for  his  own  profit.  This  has  always  proved  fatal 
to  his  influence  as  a  missionary.  Also  he  should 
make  every  effort  to  live  within  his  income.  His 
talents  should  be  placed  wholly  upon  the  altar  for 
the  upbuilding  of  the  mission  churches  under  his 
care. 

7.  Medical  Hints:  First  aid  to  the  injured  is 
demanded  often  on  tours  or  even  at  the  station. 
The  missionary  should  have  such  training  as  will 
enable  him  to  render  first  aid  in  emergencies. 
Those  who  travel  in  country  districts  should  know 
how  to  treat  the  simplest  diseases,  particularly 
those  to  which  they  themselves  are  subject  and 
which  are  curable  by  specifics.  Many  a  life  may 
be  saved  if  missionaries  know  how  to  care  for  the 
sick.  Hence  women  candidates  espec'ally  should 
acquaint  themselves  with  the  simplest  rules  of 
nursing  and  sickroom  dietetics,  and  mothers 
should  understand  how  to  treat  the  commonest 
ailments  of  children. 


29 


XII.  SELECTED  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Akers,  Charles  E.  A  History  of  South  America, 
1854-1904.  Illustrated.  1904.  E.  P.  Dutton, 
New  York.  $4.00. 

Bingham,  H.  Across  South  America.  1911. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  Boston. 

Brown,  Hubest  W.  Latin  America.  308  pp.  Il¬ 
lustrated.  1901.  Fleming  H.  Revell  Co.,  New 
York.  $1.20  net. 

Bryce,  James.  South  America,  Observations  and 
Impressions.  The  Macmillan  Co.,  New  York. 

Calderon,  Garcia.  Latin  America,  Its  Rise  and 
Progress.  1913.  Charles  Scribner’s  Sons.  $3.00. 

Currier,  Chas.  W.  Lands  of  the  Southern  Cross. 
401  pp.  1911.  Spanish  America  Pub.  Soc., 
Washington,  D.  C.  $1.50. 

Lawson,  Thomas  C.  South  American  Republics. 
2  vols.  Illustrated.  1904.  G.  P.  Putnam’s  Sons, 
New  York.  $2.70. 

Hale,  Albert.  The  South  Americans.  Illustrated. 
1907.  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
$2.50  net. 

Pepper,  C.  M.  Panama  to  Patagonia.  Illustrated. 
1906.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.,  Chicago.  $2.50. 

Butler,  Wm.  B.  Mexico  in  Transition.  Methodist 
Book  Concern.  $2.00. 

Elliott,  G.  F.  Scott.  Chile:  Its  History  and  De¬ 
velopment.  1907.  Charles  Scribner’s  Sons,  New 
York.  $3.00. 

Enock,  C.  Reginald.  Peru.  Illustrated.  1907. 
Charles  Scribner’s  Sons,  New  York.  $3.00. 

Koebel,  W.  H.  Modern  Argentina.  1907.  Fran¬ 
cis  Griffiths,  London. 

Oakenfull,  J.  C.  Brazil  in  1909.  1909.  Paris. 

Scruggs,  William  L.  Colombian  and  Venezuelan 
Republics.  Illustrated.  1908.  Little,  Brown  & 
Co.,  New  York.  $1.75  net. 

The  Catholic  Encyclopedia.  Published  by  Ap¬ 
pleton.  15  vols.  $60.00. 

Fradryssa,  G.  V.  Roman  Catholicism  Capitulat¬ 
ing  Before  Protestantism.  1909.  Southern 
Publishing  Co.,  Mobile,  Ala.  $1.50. 

Edgar.  Samuel.  Variations  of  Popery.  Robert 
Carter  &  Bros.,  New  York.  1852. 

Wylie,  J.  H.  The  Papacy.  Johnstone  &  Hunter, 
Edinburgh.  1852. 


30 


Milman,  Henry  Hart.  History  of  Latin  Chris¬ 
tianity.  4  vols.  Doran.  $6.00. 

Lea,  Henry  Charles.  History  of  the  Inquisition 
of  the  Middle  Ages.  3  vols.  Macmillan.  1906. 
$7.50. 

Lea,  Henry  Charles.  History  of  the  Inquisition 
of  Spain.  2  vols.  Each  $2.50.  Macmillan. 
1906. 

D’Aubigne,  Jean  H.  M.  The  History  of  the  Ref¬ 
ormation.  3  vols.  American  Tract  Society. 
3.50. 

Gibbons,  J.  Faith  of  Our  Fathers.  Pub.  by  J. 
Murphy.  50c. 

Cathcart,  Wm.  The  Papal  System.  Am.  Bap. 
Pub.  Soc.  50c. 

Pascal,  Blaise.  The  Provincial  Letters.  Hough¬ 
ton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $2.25. 

Bertier.  Diccionario  Teologico. 

Scio  de  San  Miguel.  La  Biblia  con  Notas. 

Fischer,  La  Fe.  Tipografia  El  Paso,  Mexico 
75c. 


31 


